Functionalism & New right policy

Functionalism & New right policy:
Functionalist thinking has influenced new right political thinking which is strictly conservative, anti-feminist & stresses the importance of the Nuclear family & the dangers of family diversity.

Fletcher (1966) highlights how the family is 'helped out' by the state so that it can perform it's functions more effectively.

New right politics have taken this a step further & argue that families should be self-reliant & require minimum 'outside'/ 'state' help. The nuclear family is ideally set up to be 'Self-sufficient'.

Murray = newright = anti- policy
"fathers abandon their families as the state will provide for them."
"Council housing promotes teenage pregnancy & undermines marriage."
Benefits encourage lone-parents who in turn promote deviance & a welfare dependant underclass.

New Labour:

Despite the fact that New right politics is heavily  Conservative, New Labour has also tended to favour the 'Traditional' nuclear family (although they are more accepting of diversity)

One of the major differences between new labour and new right is that new labour believe that state intervention and aid actually helps families out (particularly low income families rather than encourages 'Dependency'

New labour policies include:

• The new deal for lone parents 2001
• the adoption reform act 2002
• national minimum wage act 1998
• family tax credits (means tested)

Femininism

policies are based on the assumption that the normal type of family is nuclear headed by males who perform the instrumental role meaning that women should be  economically dependant on them & must care for children.

Patriarchial policies will encourage marriage & the gendered division of labour. Tax and benefit policies assume that men are the main breadwinner making it difficult for wives to claim benefits in their own right.

policies that seem to benefit women often actually benefit men more e.g Maternity leave child benefit being paid to women.

Feminist arguments on gender biased family policy can be used when considering equality with families.

Drew 1995 gender Regimes:

Drew argues that family policies help to promote gender regimes that can prevent or reinforce gender inequality in the family.

The setting Off

OBJ: To demonstrate our understanding of AO2 through responses to unseen poems.

Example of a 5 mark AO1 question:

1) Poets often deploy auditory devices for effect. Comment on the use and effect of sound devices in the poem (The Send Off)
Firstly, the poet has injected a euphonic sound in the opening which conveys a feeling of excitement and great expectation of those going to war. Also, the poem ends with cacophonous sounds ('silent') which is juxtaposed with the implicit triumph of "great bells". The effect is to convey an anti-climatic feeling. Furthermore, the sibilant sounds "like wrongs hushed up" has been used to inject a moribund and conspiratorial tone in the poem. The poet has also made use of alliterated oxymoron ("grimly gay") which highlights the sense of hope, overthrown by discordance. Finally, the poet deploys elongated assonant vowels "drums and yells" to compound the negative mood at the end of the poem.

Example of a 5 mark AO2 question:

1) Poets often make use of imagery. Using two examples from the poem, explore the use of imagery. (The Send Off)
Owen has illuminated the repercussions of the people going to war. "May creep back, silent, to still village wells Up half-known roads." Firstly, the imagery used creates a very clandestine feeling through the use of sibilance. furthermore, the use of medial caesura compounds the idea of "silence" which creates an eerie mood and implies the desertion throughout the village. The poet has included interesting conspiratorial imagery."Signals nodded, and a lamp Winked to the guard. So secretly, like wrongs hushed up they went. they where not ours." The use of the personification creates a sinister and doleful mood, suggesting the soldiers' oblivion. The lamp may be perceived as a symbol, metaphorically alluding to hope and salvation. Also, the juxtaposition between the 'guard' and the departing soldiers also foreshadows the idea of death in the poem.

Example of a 10 mark AO1 and AO2 question:


1) Poets wish us to consider a number of important themes. using your knowledge of poetry, discuss what you think are the important themes in the poem, and comment on the ways these are developed.
Owen includes themes such as war and it's inevitable lead to the deaths of all the young men that have participated. This theme is developed throughout the poem by starting off as the the soldiers "Sang their way" This could of been deployed in order to distract the men from the terrors of what will come and give them a sense of community and family with each other, while encouraging them to bond and trust each other. It moves on to say that the men had faces that were grimly gay. This suggests that the men were excited by the concept of war and felt like they were doing the right thing for their country. however the word 'grimly' reflects the reluctance of the soldiers and the knowledge that they might die. the poet has included imagery to show the fatal nature of war "Their breasts were stuck all white with wreath and spray as men's are, dead." the state of the men's bodies could refer to the hopelessness of their future efforts as the poet foreshadows their demise.

Owen introduces the idea that war is exploitative in this poem. Perhaps he is showing us that young men are being cajoled into going into war.

Postmodernism

• Giddens
• Family now involves greater choice and equality due to:
• contraception allows for intimacy rather than reproduction as a reason for the relationship.
• changing role and opportunities for women
• Families now define their relationships themselves - It is individual and works for them.
• He calls this 'Pure relationships' based on love and happiness and not tradition or sense of duty.
• Relationships become a part of 'self discovery'
• However more choice leads to greater instability.

• Beck
• We live in a 'risk society'. Tradition is less influential due to choice.
• We became more aware of risk as we calculate them when we are making our choices.
• The patriarchal family has now been replaced by the negotiated family - we calculate the risk before we enter the relationship to ensure that we from it what we want.
• The negotiated family is more equal than the nuclear family but less stable as individuals are free to leave when they no longer get from it what they want.

• Stacey (1998)
• Greater choice in relationships has benefited women as it has freed them from patriarchy, allowing them to shape the relationship to suit their needs.
• Women have been the main instigators of change within the family creating new ones to suit their needs.
• One new structure is 'the divorced extended family' - contact with divorced partner and their new partners and kids etc.
• Such families illustrate the diverse nature of postmodern families.
• 'The Family' as a single concept no longer makes sense.

• Weeks (2000)
• There is growing acceptance of diversity especially amongst the under 35s
•  However, family patterns are still quite traditional but diversity is common. New right are fighting a loosing battle to retain the nuclear family.

A wish - Analysis

OBJ: To explore how the poet use language and form to create meaning and ideas.

Analysis of 'A Wish' by Samuel Rogers:

IT is a form of pastoral poetry and it has a naturalistic theme. The poem includes a regular rhyming scheme, the effect of this is that it gives a child like feel, it prolongs and expands the happiness felt. The rhyming couplets are a metaphor for the parental roles which are complementary of each other.

'The Swallow oft beneath my thatch'  The swallow is symbolism of love and care/ affection towards a loved one. The 'thatch' being the roof of his house. This part means that love is living under his roof, alternatively, the swallow is a tattoo  used to mark the start of a sailor's journey, two swallows means the end. The poem only states a single Swallow, which could mean the journey has only just started.

'The Village Church among the trees...' Religion is a intimate part of their life together.

'A bee-hive's hum shall soothe my ear..' Busy working in order to provide for the family

'Twitter/ Soothe my ear' Euphonious sounds create a home as a place of tranquillity.

'Each fragrent flower that drinks the dew' Alliteration and personification represents rejuvenation and new life.

The Wife A-Lost

SINCE I noo mwore do zee your feäce,
Up steärs or down below,
I'll zit me in the lwonesome pleäce,
Where flat-bough'd beech do grow;
Below the beeches' bough, my love,
Where you did never come,
An' I don't look to meet ye now,
As I do look at hwome.

Since you noo mwore be at my zide,
In walks in zummer het,
I'll goo alwone where mist do ride,
Droo trees a-drippèn wet;
Below the raïn-wet bough, my love,
Where you did never come,
An' I don't grieve to miss ye now,
As I do grieve at hwome.

Since now bezide my dinner-bwoard
Your vaïce do never sound,
I'll eat the bit I can avword
A-vield upon the ground;
Below the darksome bough, my love,
Where you did never dine,
An' I don't grieve to miss ye now,
As I at hwome do pine.

Since I do miss your vaïce an' feäce
In prayer at eventide,
I'll pray wi' woone sad vaïce vor greäce
To goo where you do bide;
Above the tree an' bough, my love,
Where you be gone avore,
An' be a-waïtèn vor me now,
To come vor evermwore.

By William Barnes

I Remember, I Remember

I remember, I remember,

The house where I was born,

The little window where the sun

Came peeping in at morn;

He never came a wink too soon,

Nor brought too long a day,

But now, I often wish the night

Had borne my breath away!

I remember, I remember,

The roses, red and white,

The vi'lets, and the lily-cups,

Those flowers made of light!

The lilacs where the robin built,

And where my brother set

The laburnum on his birthday,—

The tree is living yet!

I remember, I remember,

Where I was used to swing,

And thought the air must rush as fresh

To swallows on the wing;

My spirit flew in feathers then,

That is so heavy now,

And summer pools could hardly cool

The fever on my brow!

I remember, I remember,

The fir trees dark and high;

I used to think their slender tops

Were close against the sky:

It was a childish ignorance,

But now 'tis little joy

To know I'm farther off from heav'n

Than when I was a boy. 

By Thomas Hood

The Old Familiar Faces

I have had playmates, I have had companions,

In my days of childhood, in my joyful school-days,

All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.

I have been laughing, I have been carousing,

Drinking late, sitting late, with my bosom cronies,

All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.

I loved a love once, fairest among women;

Closed are her doors on me, I must not see her —

All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.

I have a friend, a kinder friend has no man;

Like an ingrate, I left my friend abruptly;

Left him, to muse on the old familiar faces.

Ghost-like, I paced round the haunts of my childhood.

Earth seemed a desert I was bound to traverse,

Seeking to find the old familiar faces.

Friend of my bosom, thou more than a brother,

Why wert not thou born in my father's dwelling?

So might we talk of the old familiar faces —

How some they have died, and some they have left me,

And some are taken from me; all are departed;

All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.

 

By Charles Lamb

A Wish

Mine be a cot beside the hill,
A bee-hive's hum shall sooth my ear;
A willowy brook, that turns a mill,
With many a fall shall linger near.

The swallow, oft, beneath my thatch,
Shall twitter from her clay-built nest;
Oft shall the pilgrim lift the latch,
And share my meal, a welcome guest.

Around my ivy'd porch shall spring
Each fragrant flower that drinks the dew;
And Lucy, at her wheel, shall sing
In russet gown and apron blue.

The village-church, among the trees,
Where first our marriage-vows were giv'n,
With merry peals shall swell the breeze,

And point with taper spire to heav'n.

 By Samuel Rogers

Post Modernism

• We no longer live in a predictable modern world with orderly and predictable structures such as the nuclear family but we are now postmodernism.
• Families are fragmented and individuals have more choice leading to greater diversity in family life. No one family dominates.

Is the Family in decline?

OBJ: Use the evidence that follows to provide an argument that answers the above question.

Relationship status
Singletons at 20. Married or cohabiting by 30. That is the trend colourfully depicted here.
Again, using figures from the 2011 Census, the book reveals how many people marry and then migrate from inner to outer London.





12 data maps that sum up London

What does the Rapoports say about family diversity?

Unlike chester, Rhona and Robert Rapoport (1982) argue that diversity is of central importance in understanding family life today. They believe that we have moved away from the traditional nuclear family as the dominant family type, to a range of different types. Families in Britain have adapted to a pluralistic society - That is, one in which cultures and lifestyles are more diverse.

In their view, family diversity represents greater freedom of choice and the widespread acceptance of different cultures and ways of life.

they identify five different types of family in Britain today:

1. Organisational diversity: This refers to differences in the ways family roles are organised. For example, some couples have joint conjugal roles and two wage-earners, while others have segregated conjugal roles and one wage-earner.
2. Cultural diversity: different cultural, religious and ethnic groups have different family structures. For example, there is a higher proportion of female-headed families among African-Caribbean households.
3. Social class diversity: differences in family structure are partly the result of income differences between households of different classes. Likewise, there are class differences in child-rearing practices.
4. Life-stage diversity: family structures differ according to the stage reached in the life cycle - for example, newly-weds, couples with children, retired couples whose children have left home, and widows or widowers who are living alone.
5. Generational diversity: older and younger generations have different attitudes and experiences that reflect the historical periods in which they have lived. For example, they may have different views about the morality of divorce or cohabitation.

 Source: AQA AS Level Sociology textbook, ISBN: 0954007956 

Life course analysis:

• Focuses on individual family members and how they make their choices in order to understand the family.

• Looks at the meaning that people give to life events and choices in order to understand how they construct their family life.

This can be called 'micro' sociology.

• Hareven (1978)
• There is flexibility and variation in peoples family life in terms of:
• Choices and decisions that are made.
• Sequence of events and turning points e.g. when to have a baby etc.

• Morgan (1996) Family Practices 
• Routine practices to create our sense of being a family member e.g. feeding the children (not...)
• Family practices are determined by our beliefs about rights and obligations within the family. 
• Concept of family practices helps us to see why conflict occurs - we hold different beliefs about each others responcibility
• Families are not concrete structures but are what people do.

• Morgan (2007)
• Networks such as family, friends and other kinds of relationship become less clear and boundaries between them become blurred.
• Structuralism  that sees the family as a clear cut institution is no longer relevent to help us to understand the family.
• But Structures within society will still affect individuals expectations of each other e.g gender roles.

  

Audience

OBJ: To understand how to attract and address an audience.

Audience:

All media texts are made with an audience in mind; a group of people who will receive it and make some sort of sense out of it. In general, but not always, the producers make some money out of their audience. It is therefore important to understand what happens when an audience views a media text.

Using questionnaires, focus groups and comparisons to existing media texts, media producers will spend a great deal of time and money ascertaining  if there is anyone out there who might be interested in their idea. Media producers want to know the income bracket/ status, age, gender, race and location of their potential audience. this method of categorising in known as demographics.

Once they know this, they can begin to shape their text to appeal to their viewer ship with known reading/viewing/listening habits.

Target audience:

A target audience or target group is the primary group of people that a product is aimed at. A target audience can be defined by age group, gender, marital status etc. Examples of such audiences would be teenagers, females, single people etc. Combinations of factors are often used to create target audiences for example, males aged 16-24. Other groups, although not the main focus, may also be interested. Discovering the appropriate target market for a product is one of the most important stages involved with market research. Without knowing the target audience selling a product can become difficult and very expensive.

Demographics:

Marketers typically combine several variables to define a demographic profile. A demographic profiles or demographic provides enough information about the typical members of this group to create a picture of the group.
 A marketer might speak of the single, female, middle-class, age 18-24, university educated demographic. Marketing researchers typically have two objectives in this regard: first to determine what segments or subgroups exist in the overall population; and secondly to create a clear and complete picture of the characteristics of a typical member of each of these segments. Once these profiles are constructed, they can be used to develop a marketing strategy and marketing plan.

How will you attract your target audience?

You must carefully consider every element of your magazine to make sure it would appeal to its audience. You need to explain the methods you will use to attract your audience. You then need to explain the methods you will use to address your audience.

Attracting:

Attracting your audience is all about making your audience want to engage with your media product and invest time and (usually) money with it. You will use many different ways to attract your audience. These include:

- Images

- Mode of address, centre image links to audience

- colours, appeals to audience

- Genre conventions

- Free stuff

- Layout

- Cover lines

- Pricing

Definition of 'Mode of address' - The way that a media product 'speaks' to its audience.

- Mediadictionary.com

The decline of Macbeth

OBJ: To explore the decline of Macbeth.

"The vividness, magnitude, and violence of the imagery in some of these passages are characteristic of Macbeth almost throughout; and their influence contributes to form its atmosphere..."

"There is thus something magnificently appropriate in the cry 'blow, wind! come, wrack!' with which Macbeth, turning from the sight of the moving wood Birnam, bursts from his castle. He was borne to his throne on a whirlwind, and the fate he goes to meet comes on the wings of storm"

AC Bradley - Shakespearian Tragedy

The decline of Lady Macbeth

OBJ: To explore Lady Macbeth's decline and death, To probe the language that shows Lady Macbeth's remorse in the sleepwalking scene.

"It would be a perfect example of poetic justice in the manner of talion if the childlessness of Macbeth and the barrenness of his Lady were the punishment of their crimes against the sanctity of generation – If Macbeth could not become a father because he had robbed children of their father and a father of his children, and if Lady Macbeth suffered the unsexing she had demanded of the spirits of murder: I believe Lady Macbeth's illness, the transformation of her callousness into penitence, could be explained directly as a reaction to her childlessness, by which she is convinced of her impotence against the decrees of nature, and at the same time reminded that it is through her own fault if her crime has been robbed of the better part of its fruits."

-TS Elliot

"The failure of nature in Lady Macbeth is marked by her fear of darkness; 'she has light by her continually.' And in the one phrase of fear that escapes her lips even in sleep, it is of the darkness of the place of torment that she speaks"

- Shakespearian Tragedy: AC Bradley

Lone Parent Families

Obj: To understand the reasons for the increase in lone parent families. To understand the New Right & feminist views of lone parent families and evaluate these.


The Reality: 

• In the UK, the percentage of single parent families has tripled since 1970s.
• Now in the UK, about 25% of families with dependant children are single parent families.
• 1 in 5 children in Europe live with a lone parent.
• In the past single parent families were usually caused by being widowed, now most are from divorce or from couples not getting married in the first place.

Changes and attitudes in society that have lead to an increased number of lone parent  families:

• People feel like they don't need to be with a partner to have a family.
• Divorce is cheaper now, so people don't have to stay with a partner they no longer love.
• People are leaving partners that abuse them or are unable to provide for the family.
• Unplanned pregnancies in teenage years. (sexual permissiveness)
• Women are more independent, so they no longer feel like they need to be financially dependent on men.
• Feminists see this as a good thing, whilst New Right argue its now too easy to be a single parent.
• Secularisation, there is less stigma around single parent families.
• The government want to help provide for single parent families, so they feel more safe.
• There is less social pressure to get married.
• Increased cohabitation, People can split up easier. 

Teenage single mothers:

• Only 3% of lone mothers are teenagers
• Despite media headlines suggesting otherwise, overall, teenage pregnancies have fallen nationally by 9.4%  since 1999.
• in 1970, young woman aged 15 to 19 in England and Wales were almost twice as likely to become mothers as they are today.
• Furthermore, the belief held in some circles that teenagers only get pregnant to get a council house is not backed by facts.
• Seven out of ten 15 to 16 year old mothers, and around half of 17 and 18 year old mothers, stay in the family home.
• Actual average age of a lone parent is 34 years old. 

90% of single parent families are headed by women.

• women are seen to have a better connection with their children, there is a stigma that because women gave birth to the child, they are more nurturing and therefore, better suited to look after the child.

• Women are more likely to take a child away from a dysfunctional family than men are, this could be arguably because women have their 'Motherly intuition' and know when their baby could be in danger, or have an unhappy life. 

• in Courts, the mother is more likely to win custody of the child than their fathers.
•  Fathers may be less likely to give up work when a child is born.
• It is the cultural norm for women to bring up the children alone.

Cohabitation

 Is the concept of marriage dead?

• Cohabitation could have been the number one reason for the drop in the marriage rates.
• People find civil partnerships as far more valuable compared to the religious ceremonial Marriage.
• Secularisation has decreased as people do not feel the need to marry.

The average age for women to get married is 30, and for men it is 32.

Identify one strength and one weakness of the data in helping us to understand the changing family.

• The data clearly shows the different family types for the different age ranges. It shows the trends between age and family types.
  It shows us the types of family that exist and allows us to make predictions about how family life will change over time.
• However, a weakness of this data is that it does not show us an explanation as to why the family types change and the circumstances in which these changes happened, for example, divorce, death etc.

Reasons for the growth in cohabiting couples:

• Changes in social attitudes
• Economic factors
• Employment trends
• Religious trends
• Divorce

How would the following explain the trends in the data?

• functionalists:
• The fact that people get divorced can be considered a positive thing because it means that expectations are getting higher, however, the fact that people are not getting married is considered a bad thing because functionalists would argue that this leads to an unstable family

•  Marxists:
•  Cohabitation is seen as good because it is 'against the system' it stalls the preproduction of an unequal system that we live in since people are no longer following the same ideological teachings. 

• Feminists:
• Since women are becoming more independent cohabitation would be seen as more common, they see it as women becoming much more independent as individual units. 

Studies:

• Chester (1985) Neo-conventional, 5 year cycle, eventually become nuclear. Cohabiting is temporary
• chandler (1993) Time in cohabitation is lengthening and not ending with marriage
• Morgan (1999) Marriage is out of fashion
• Allan & Crow  (2001) say there is no clear family cycle. diversity is based on increased choice. In 1960s 1 in 20 women cohabited before marriage, by 80s 10 in 20 did.

Is Marriage Dead?

Infant Joy

'I have no name 

I am but two days old.'

What shall I call thee?

'I happy am 

Joy is my name.'

Sweet joy befall thee!

Pretty joy!

Sweet joy but two days old,

Sweet joy I call thee:

Thou dost smile,

I sing the while;

Sweet joy befall thee!

by William Blake

Life during the industrial revoloution

What was life like in the industrial revolution?

during the industrial revolution, It was the great age of science and it was becoming increasingly secular. There was a heavier reliance on machinery which meant less manual labour and loss of jobs.
The introduction of factories in London meant that there was mass migration from the countrysides to the cities in order to get jobs. As a result of the migration, Many cities like London and Manchester became over populated and became riddled with disease.

Social classes were dominant and there was virtually a caste system ideology. The poor were incredibly poor and had nothing, whereas the middle and upper classes were educated, making money from industrialisation and factories.

William Blake

William Blake:



William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English painter, poet and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. His prophetic poetry has been said to form "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language". His visual artistry led one contemporary art critic to proclaim him "far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced".

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake

Divorce Statistics

Divorce statistics are presented in 3 main ways:

• The total number of divorce petitions per year (the number of people applying for a divorce but not necessarily actually getting divorced.)
• The total number of decrees absolute granted per year (the number of divorces actually granted)
• The divorce rate (the number of divorces each year per thousand married people in the population.)

Divorce statistics must be treated with considerable caution, and assessed against changing legal , financial and social circumstances, if misleading conclusions about the declining  importance or marriage and the family are to be avoided. The increase may simply reflect easier and cheaper divorce procedures enabling the legal termination of already unhappy 'empty shell' marriages (where marital relationship has broken down but no divorce has taken place.) rather than a real increase in marriage breakdowns. It could be that people who in previous years could only separate are now divorcing as legal and financial obstacles are removed.
 
Divorce statistics only show the legal termination of marriages. They do not show:

• The number of people who are separated but not divorced
• The number of people who live in 'empty shell' marriages - many couples may want to split up but are deterred from doing so by their roles as parents.
• How many 'unstable' or 'unhappy' marriages existed before divorce was made easier by changes in the law and changing social attitudes towards divorce.

The Rising Divorce Rate

One of the most startling changes in the family in Britain in the last century has been the general and dramatic increase in the number of marriages ending in divorce, with similar trends found in many western industrialized countries. The number of divorce rates rose from 27,000 in 1961 to around 167,000 by 2005; during the 1960s the number doubled, and the doubled again in the 1970s.

Britain has one of the highest divorce rates (number of divorces per 1,000 married people per year) in the European Union. About 40% of new marriages today are likely to end in divorce, and, if present rates continue, more than one in four children will experience a parental divorce by the time they are 16.

MacDuff

 What do we know about Macduff?

- Paying attention to what Macbeth has been doing throughout the play
- Emerging role: Shakespeare makes him more prominent.
- his absence is ominous
- Macbeth's 'alter-ego' provides an interesting mirror of what Macbeth could have been/ How he should have behaved.
- shows us that the witches malice wouldn't have worked on him.
- Shown to be perceptive
- MacDove - harbinger of piece.

All Shakespeare plays have five Acts:

1. Exposition
2. Rising action
3. Climax
4. Falling action
5. Denouement

Tragedy

OBJ: To explore the idea of hamartia and to develop our ideas about Macbeth as a contemporary audience. 

Aristotle's Definition of tragedy:

 “A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself; in appropriate and pleasurable language;... in a dramatic rather than narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish a catharsis of these emotions.”

Characters in tragedy should have the following qualities:

1. 'good' or 'fine.' Aristotle relates this quality to moral purpose and says it is relative to class: "even a woman may be good, and also a slave, though the woman may be said to be an inferior being, and the slave quite worthless."
2.  'fitness of character'; e.g valour is appropriate for a warrior but not for a woman.
3. 'true to life' or realistic
4. 'consistency'; Once a character's personality and motivations are established, these should continue throughout the play.
5. 'necessary or probable.' Characters must be logically constructed according to 'the law of probability or necessity' that governs the actions of the play.
6. 'true to life and yet more beautiful' 

The ghost of Banquo haunts Macbeth (Ian McKellen)